Optics and Spectroscopy - III Semester 2021-2022 Syllabus for II Year Physics

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

COURSE CODE : 7BPH3C1

CORE COURSE VI – OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

 

Unit I              GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

Lens – Spherical aberration in lenses – Methods of minimizing spherical aberration – chromatic aberration in lenses – condition for achromatism of two thin lenses (in and out of contact) – Coma - Aplanatic lens – Eyepieces – Ramsden’s and Huygens’s eyepieces.  

Dispersion – Angular and Chromatic dispersion – combination of prisms to produce i)dispersion without deviation ii) deviation without dispersion – Cauchy’s dispersion formula– Direct vision spectroscope – Theory of formation of rainbow.

Unit II             INTERFERENCE

Conditions for interference – colours of thin films – Air wedge – theory – determination of diameter of a thin wire by Air wedge – test for optical flatness – Newton’s rings – Determination of refractive index of a liquid.  

Michelson’s Interferometer – theory and its Application (Measurement of wavelength and difference between wavelength of two close lines, thickness of mica sheet) – Jamin’s interferometer – determination of refractive index of gases

Unit III           DIFFRACTION 

Fresnel’s  diffraction –Rectilinear propagation of light – zone plate –diffraction at circular aperture – opaque circular disc – Fraunhofer  diffraction at single slit – Double slit – Plane diffraction grating – theory and experiment to determine wavelength – overlapping of spectral lines. 

Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution – resolving power – resolving power of grating – resolving power of a prism

Unit IV           POLARIZATION

Double refraction – Huygens’s explanation of double refraction in uni axial crystals – Nicol Prism – Nicol Prism as polarizer  and analyzer – Polaroids and their uses – Quarter wave plates and Half wave plates.  Plane, elliptically and circularly polarized light – Production and detection 

Optical activity– Fresnel’s explanation of optical activity – Specific rotatory power – determination using Laurent’s half shade polarimeter

Unit V             SPECTROSCOPY

Microwave and infrared SpectroscopyRotation of molecules – Rotational Spectra – The  rigid  diatomic molecules, selection rules – the intensities of spectral lines – Infrared spectroscopy (outlines only)

Raman SpectroscopyQuantum theory of Raman effect – Classical theory of Raman effect – Molecular Polarisability – pure rotational Raman spectra of linear molecules – vibrational Raman spectra – Applications.


Text Books:

  1. Optics and Spectroscopy – R.Murugeshan, S. Chand and co., 6th Edition, New Delhi, 2008.
  2. A text book of Optics – Subramanyam and Brijlal, S. Chand and co., 22nd Edition, New Delhi 2004.
  3. Elements of Spectroscopy – S.L. Gupta, V.Kumar and R.C.Sharma Pragati Prakashan, 13th Edition, Meerut, 1997

Books for Reference:

  1. Optics – Sathyaprakash, Ratan Prakashan Mandhir, VIIth Edition, New Delhi, 1990.
  2. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy –C.N.Banewell,TMH publishing co. IV Edition, New Delhi, 2006.
  3. Molecular structure and spectroscopy – G.Aruldhass, PHI Pvt Ltd, , II Edition, New Delhi, 2007.

Analog Electronics - V Semester 2021-2022 Syllabus for III Year Physics

III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BPH5C1

CORE COURSE IX – ANALOG ELECTRONICS

Unit I SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES
Semiconductor – p-n junction diode – rectifiers – half and full wave rectifiers – bridge rectifier – efficiency – ripple factor – R-C and π section filter circuits.

Zener diode – characteristics – voltage regulator – regulated power supply using Zener diode.

Unit II TRANSISTORS AND BIASING
Transistor action – CB, CE & CC modes – comparison – amplifier in CE arrangement – load line analysis – cut – off and saturation  – Relation between α and β  

Transistor biasing - base resistor bias - feedback resistor bias - voltage divider bias – JFET – construction and working  -  characteristic parameters.
      
Unit III AMPLIFIERS
Single stage amplifier – Phase reversal – DC & AC equivalent circuits – Voltage gain – Classification of amplifiers – Input impedance of an amplifier 

RC, transformer, direct coupled amplifiers – Comparison of different types of amplifiers.
      
Unit IV OSCILLATORS
Transistor audio power amplifier – Difference between voltage and power amplifiers – Performance quantities of power amplifiers – Classification of power amplifiers – Expression for collector efficiency – Class A amplifier – Push – Pull amplifier.

Feedback principle – Negative and positive feedback – current  gain and voltage gain in negative feedback amplifier – Barkhausen condition for oscillation – damped and undamped oscillations –Hartley, Colpitts and  phase shift Oscillator. 

Unit V OPERATIONAL  AMPLIFIER
Characteristics of an ideal op-amp – virtual ground -  op-amp biasing – Non-inverting & Inverting amplifiers– Applications of op-amp – adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator.

Op-amp signal generators: Phase shift, Hartley, Square wave and triangular wave generators.

Text Books:
1. V.K.Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd.,10th Edition, New Delhi,  2007. 
2. R.S.Sedha – Text Book of Applied Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd., II Edition, New Delhi,  2004. 
3. Electronic Devices and Circuits –  Salivahanan and Suresh Kumar, Mc Graw Hill Edn. New Delhi, 2012

Books for Reference:
1. B.L. Theraja – Basic Electronics – S. Chand & Co, V Edition, New Delhi,  2009.
2. Malvino & Leach – Transistor Approximations – International Publication, New Delhi, – 2000.