Zeeman Effect

Zeeman Effect - Larmor Theorem Notes

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Atomic And Nuclear Physics –4BPH4C1 Model Question

Department of Physics - Dr.Zakir Husain College, Ilayangudi.

Atomic And Nuclear Physics –4BPH4C1

Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 75

   Part – A (10 x 2 = 20)

Answer All the Questions

1. Define critical potential.
2. Write note on photoelectric cell.
3. Give Pauli’s exclusion principle.
4. What is anomalous Zeeman Effect?
5. State Mosley’s Law.
6. Define Miller Indices.
7. What are the limitations of cyclotron?
8.    Define Half Life.
9. Write note on Van Allen Belts.
10. What are Baryons?

   Part – B (5 x 5 = 25)

Answer All the Questions

11. Discuss Aston’s mass spectrograph and explain how isotopes are detected.

(OR)

Explain the theory of determining e/m of photoelectron using Lenard’s method.

12. Explain the various quantum numbers associated with the vector atom model..

(OR)

Explain emission of D2 lines in sodium spectrum using term symbols and selection rules.

13.  State and derive Bragg’s law. Explain the working of Bragg spectrometer.

     (OR)

        Draw NaCl structure and discuss it.
   
14. Explain how electrons are accelerated to very high energy by betatron.

(OR)

        Write a note on thermo nuclear reactions
 15. Discuss the method of radio carbon dating.
                                                        (OR)
Explain latitude effect in cosmic rays.

   Part – C (3 x 10 = 30)

Answer any three Questions

16. Explain Frank and Hertz Experiment to determine critical potential.


17. Describe Stern and Gerlach experiment and indicate the importance of the results obtained.


18. Describe the quantum treatment of normal Zeeman Effect.


19. What is Betatron? Explain the theory and working of Betatron.


20. What are cosmic ray showers? Discuss the theory of their formation.

Atomic and Nuclear Physics - 2 Marks

Faraday Dark Space:

Faraday dark space is the dark region between the negative glow and the positive column in a  vacuum tube when the pressure is low as 1 mm of Hg.

Spectral Line Width:

Real spectral lines are not sharp due to various factors and broadened. Spectral line width is defined as Full Width at Half Maximum( FWHM)  of the spectral peak and measured in either Hz or nm.

Crystallography :

Crystallography is a branch of experimental science that deals with finding the arrangement and bonding of atoms in crystalline solids and with the geometric structure of crystal lattices.


Transient Equilibrium:

Transient equilibrium between a radioactive parent-daughter isotope nuclei pair is reached when the daughter  nucleus has a shorter half life than the parent nucleus but not negligible.

Quarks:

A quark is a type of elementary particle which is a fundamental constituent of matter. Quark combine to form hadrons for example protons and neutrons. Quark comes in six different types. 

Atomic And Nuclear Physics - I st Internal Test

Part A - 5 x 2 = 10

1. Define critical potential.
2. State any three properties of positive rays.
3. Write Einstein photo electric equation.
4. State laws of photoelectric effect.
5. Give the principle of mass spectrograph.

Part B - 2 x 5 = 10

1. Describe Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph.
2. Explain Lenard experiment to determine e/m of photoelectrons.

Part C - 2 x 10 = 20

1. Describe the working of Aston mass spectrograph.
2. Describe Millikan experiment to verify Einstein photoelectric equation.

Atomic and Nuclear Physics - 4BPH4C1 - Syllabus

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: 4BPH4C1

CORE COURSE VIII – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I                     POSITIVE RAYS

Properties of positive rays – e/m of positive rays – Aston’s, Bainbridge’s mass spectrograph-  critical potential – experimental determination of critical potential –Davis and Goucher‘s experiment.

Photo electricity: Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richardson and Compton experiment – Einstein’s photo electric equation – experimental verification of Einstein’s photo electric equation by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells.

Unit II                   VECTOR ATOM MODEL

Various quantum numbers – L – S and j – j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr magnetron – spatial quantization – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

Fine structure of spectral lines- Spectral terms and notation – selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – fine structure of alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anomalous Zeeman effect .

Unit III  X – RAYS

Discovery – Production, Properties and absorption of X – rays – origin & analysis of continuous and characteristic X – ray spectrum – Duane & Hunt Law – Bragg’s law – derivation of Bragg’s law – Bragg’s X–ray spectrometer – details of Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods- Mosley’s law and its importance -  Compton effect – Derivation of expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.

X – ray crystallography- Definition of  Crystal – Crystal lattice – unit cell –– Bravai’s lattice – Miller indices – illustrations - Structure of KCl crystals.

Unit IV  RADIO ACTIVITY

Natural radioactivity – Laws of disintegration – half life and mean life period – Units of radioactivity – Transient and secular equilibrium – Radio carbon dating – Age of earth – Alpha rays– characteristics – Geiger–Nuttal law – α – ray spectra – Gamow’s theory of α – decay (qualitative study) Beta rays – characteristics.

Beta ray spectra – Neutrino hypothesis - Gamma rays and internal conversion– Nuclear isomerism- artificial radioactivity- Betatron – GM counter –– Cloud chamber

Unit V                   NUCLEAR REACTION

Nuclear fission – chain reaction – four factor formula – critical mass and size – controlled chain reaction – nuclear reactor – Breeder reactor – Transuranic elements – Nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reaction – sources of stellar energy- Cosmic rays (outlines only).

Elementary Particles – Hadrons – leptons – Mesons – Baryons – Hyperons – Antiparticle and antimatter – classification of elementary particles – strangeness – Isospin – conservation laws of symmetry – Basic ideas about quarks – Quark model.

Books for Study

1. Modern Physics                                  –              R.Murugeshan , S.Chand &Co; NewDelhi, 13^th    Edition 2008.

2. Modern Physics                                   –              Sehgal & Chopra; Sultan Chand and publication,  9^th Edition 2013.

3. Introduction to Modern Physics         –             H.S Mani, G K Mehta, Affiliated east – West  Pvt Ltd, NewDelhi

4. Nuclear Physics                                  –              D.C Tayal , Himalaya Pub.house, Mumbai, V  Edition 2008.

5. Atomic Physics                                   –              J.B Rajam, S.Chand & Co;NewDelhi.

6. Atomic & Nuclear Physics               –              Subramanyam & Brijal, S.Chand & Co; New Delhi, V Edition 2003.

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