Fundamentals of Nanoscience - 4BPHE3C - Syllabus

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPHE3C
ELECTIVE COURSE III (C) – FUNDAMENTALS OF NANOSCIENCE

Unit I              Introduction

Introduction to Nanotechnology – Background and definition of Nanotechnology – Nano materials – Size Dependence.
Types: Nanowires, Nanotubes, Quantum Dots, Nanocomposites – Properties – Ideas about Nano materials synthesis.

Unit II             Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT)

Introduction to CNT – SWNT – MWNT – Properties. CNT based Nano objects- Applications.

Unit III           Fabrication

Fabrication methods – Top down processes – Milling, lithographics, Machining process. Bottom–Up process – MBE and MOVPE, liquid phase methods, colloidal and sol – gel methods – Self Assembly

Unit IV           Characterization

Scanning Probe Microscopy – Principle of operation – Instrumentation – Scanning Tunneling Microscopy – STM probe construction and measurement. 
Atomic Force Microscopy – Instrumentation and Analysis – Tunneling Electron Microscopy– operation and measurement

Unit V             Nano devices and Applications
             
Optical memories, Nano materials applications in magnetism – in electronics. Sensors – in Biomedical field – in optics – Nano layer applications – Nano particle applications
Reference

1.        Hand book of Nanotechnology – Bharat Bhushan.
2.        Nano technology and Nano electronics – W. R. Fahrner (Editor).
3.        Materials Science – P. Mani, G. Ranganath, R. N. Jayaprakash.
4.        Nanotechnology – Mark Ratner, Daniel Ratner.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣

Atomic and Nuclear Physics - 4BPH4C1 - Syllabus


II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPH4C1
CORE COURSE VIII – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS


Unit I                     POSITIVE RAYS
Properties of positive rays – e/m of positive rays – Aston’s, Bainbridge’s mass spectrograph-  critical potential – experimental determination of critical potential –Davis and Goucher‘s experiment.

Photo electricity: Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richardson and Compton experiment – Einstein’s photo electric equation – experimental verification of Einstein’s photo electric equation by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells.

Unit II                   VECTOR ATOM MODEL
Various quantum numbers – L – S and j – j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr magnetron – spatial quantization – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

Fine structure of spectral lines- Spectral terms and notation – selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – fine structure of alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anomalous Zeeman effect .

Unit III  X – RAYS
Discovery – Production, Properties and absorption of X – rays – origin & analysis of continuous and characteristic X – ray spectrum – Duane & Hunt Law – Bragg’s law – derivation of Bragg’s law – Bragg’s X–ray spectrometer – details of Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods- Mosley’s law and its importance -  Compton effect – Derivation of expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.
X – ray crystallography- Definition of  Crystal – Crystal lattice – unit cell –– Bravai’s lattice – Miller indices – illustrations - Structure of KCl crystals.


Unit IV  RADIO ACTIVITY
Natural radioactivity – Laws of disintegration – half life and mean life period – Units of radioactivity – Transient and secular equilibrium – Radio carbon dating – Age of earth – Alpha rays– characteristics – Geiger–Nuttal law – α – ray spectra – Gamow’s theory of α – decay (qualitative study) Beta rays – characteristics.

Beta ray spectra – Neutrino hypothesis - Gamma rays and internal conversion– Nuclear isomerism- artificial radioactivity- Betatron – GM counter –– Cloud chamber

Unit V                   NUCLEAR REACTION
Nuclear fission – chain reaction – four factor formula – critical mass and size – controlled chain reaction – nuclear reactor – Breeder reactor – Transuranic elements – Nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reaction – sources of stellar energy- Cosmic rays (outlines only).

Elementary Particles – Hadrons – leptons – Mesons – Baryons – Hyperons – Antiparticle and antimatter – classification of elementary particles – strangeness – Isospin – conservation laws of symmetry – Basic ideas about quarks – Quark model.

Books for Study
1. Modern Physics                                  –              R.Murugeshan , S.Chand &Co; NewDelhi, 13th    Edition 2008.

2. Modern Physics                                   –              Sehgal & Chopra; Sultan Chand and publication,  9th Edition 2013.

3. Introduction to Modern Physics         –             H.S Mani, G K Mehta, Affiliated east – West  Pvt Ltd, NewDelhi

4. Nuclear Physics                                  –              D.C Tayal , Himalaya Pub.house, Mumbai, V  Edition 2008.

5. Atomic Physics                                   –              J.B Rajam, S.Chand & Co;NewDelhi.

6. Atomic & Nuclear Physics               –              Subramanyam & Brijal, S.Chand & Co; New Delhi, V Edition 2003.



♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣

Standardization of Meter - Application of Michelson Interferometer

 
Please visit the following Link for the study material :


 http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=13289&chapterid=29232

OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY PRIOR UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

Click HERE To Download As a PDF













OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY- 4BPH3C1 QUESTION BANK

OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY- 4BPH3C1


PART – A

1. Distinguish between Ramsden eyepiece and Huygens eyepiece.
2. Write short note on chromatic aberration in lenses.
3. Give three methods of minimizing spherical aberration.
4. Define dispersive power of a prism.
5. What is an achromatic doublet?
6. How chromatic aberration is minimized in the case of Huygens and Ramsden eyepieces.
7. Explain briefly about coma.
8. Explain the construction of Ramsden eyepiece with a suitable diagram.
9. Explain the construction of Huygens eyepiece with a suitable diagram.
10. What is an air wedge? State its uses.
11. Give the principle of Jamin interferometer.
12. State Stoke’s law.
13. Explain appearance of colors in thin films.
14. State the uses of Michelson interferometer.
15. Define resolving power .state Rayleigh criterion for resolution.
16. Define resolving power of a grating.
17. Define specific rotation or specific rotatory power.
18. What is a quarter wave plate?
19. What is a half wave plate?
20. What is the difference between unpolarized light and polarized light?
20. Write short notes on quarter wave plate.
21. Write short notes on half wave plate.
22. State and explain Malus law.
23. Write a note on FTIR.
24. Define Spectroscopy.
25. What is Anti-Stokes line?
26.Give the Application of vibrational Raman spectra.
27. What is a selection rule?
28.Expand FTIR.

PART – B

1. Derive the condition for minimization of spherical aberration when two thin lenses are separated        by a distance.
2. What is an achromatic doublet? Explain in detail.
3. Explain the working of Huygens eyepiece.
4. Write note on Ramsden eyepiece.
5. Explain the construction and working of a direct vision spectroscope.
6. Describe the effect of interference in reflected light from thin films.
7. Explain how colors appear in thin films due to interference.
8. Describe the experiment to find diameter of a thin wire by air wedge method.
9. Explain the principle and working of Jamin interferometer for determining the refractive index of        gas.
10. Explain how Jamin interferometer is used to study the refractive index of a gas at different                  pressures.
11. Distinguish between Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction.
12. Show that the radii of half period zones are in the ratio of square roots of natural numbers.
13. Explain Fresnel diffraction of light at a circular aperture.
14. Explain Fraunhofer diffraction of light at a single slit.
15. Discuss the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
16. Derive an expression for the resolving power of a grating.
17 .Give the Huygens explanation of double refraction in a uni-axial crystal.
18. Give the theory of half wave plate.
19. Give the theory of quarter wave plate.
20. Write note on Microwave and Raman spectroscopy.
21. Explain classical theory of Raman effect.
22. Explain vibrational Raman spectra.
23. Discuss Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules. Give its selection rule.
25. Explain Microwave and Infrared spectroscopy.
26. Explain pure rotational Raman spectrum of linear molecules.


PART – C

1. Define angular dispersion and dispersive power. Derive the conditions to produce (i) dispersion without deviation and (ii) deviation without dispersion in combination of prisms.
2. Derive the condition for achromatism in lenses (i) When they are in contact (ii) When they are separated by a distance ‘a’.
3. What is meant by spherical aberration in lenses?  What are the ways to remove spherical aberration?
4. Explain the construction, action and working of a Ramsden eyepiece and Huygens eye piece with neat diagrams. Indicate in a diagram the position of cardinal points for these two eyepieces. How are the chromatic and spherical aberration minimized in these eyepieces?
5. Describe with necessary theory the Newton’s ring experiment for the determination of refractive index of a liquid.
6. Explain the working of Michelson interferometer. How the wavelength of monochromatic light can be measured?
7. Derive the expression for the radius of mth ring formed in Newton’s ring experiment and hence determine the refractive index of a liquid.
8. Describe Michelson interferometer and explain the formation of fringes in it. How was the instrument used for the standardization of meter?
9. Explain with theory how the wavelength of the light can be determined using diffraction grating by oblique incidence method.
10. Give the theory of plane transmission grating. Describe an experiment to determine the wavelength of sodium light.
11. Define specific rotation and explain Fresnel theory of optical rotation.
12. Describe Laurent’s half shade polarimeter and explain how specific rotary power is determined.
13. Explain the production and the analysis of circularly and elliptically polarized light.
14.   Explain how elliptically and circularly polarized light can be produced and analyzed.
15.   Explain the production and detection of plane, circularly and elliptically polarized light.
16.   Give the theory of production of circularly and elliptically polarized light.
17.   Explain Quantum theory of Raman effect.




Properties of Matter University Question Collection



















Syllabus For Allied Physics Academic Year 2017-2018 Onwards

Click HERE to Download Syllabus For Allied Physics Academic Year 2017-2018 Onwards
Click HERE To Download as a PDF

Syllabus For Major Physics - 2017-2018 Academic Year Onwards

Click HERE To Download Syllabus For Major Physics - 2017-2018 Academic Year Onwards
Click  HERE To Download As a PDF

Summation of Series in Fraunhofer Single Slit Theory


Question Bank for Solid State Physics Part - A



     Solid State Physics Question Bank


         Paper Code: 4BPHE2C

PART –A


Answer ALL the question ( No Choice)(Each answer not exceeding 50 wards in one or two sentences)


    (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Unit – I
1. What is cohesive energy?
2. What are the classifications of cohesive force in crystal?
3. List out the different types of bonding with any two examples.
4. Define the Lattice energy
5. Obtain the dissociation energy.
6. What is ionization energy?
7. Define electron affinity.
8. Define Born Haber cycle.
9. Draw the structure of the hydrogen bond in water
10. Give the formula of electrostatic energy of an ionic crystal.
11. Define Madelung constant.
12. What holds a crystal together?
Unit - II
13. Distinguish between conductor and insulator.
14. Define Isotope effect.
15. Define Meissner effect.
16. What are these simplest way to understand the AC and DC Josephson effect?
17. What is Coherence length?
18. Write note on zero resistivity of a super conductor.
19. What is the meant by phonon cloud?
20. Give the modern theory of super conductivity.
21. How is the contribution of cooper pairs of electrons in the superconductor?
22. Write the BCS theory.
23. Write the idea of penetration depth
24. Write the central properties of superconductors.
Unit - III
25. Write note on physical properties of metals
26. Define polarization
27. Mention the various fields of dielectric parameters.
28. Write note on electrical conductivity of metals.
29. What is dielectric breakdown?
30. State  Weidmann – Franz’s law
31. What are the types of polarization?
32. Define the dielectric constant of an isotropic medium.
33. Define the polarizability of an atom.
34. List out the types of dielectric materials
35. Write down the Clausius – Mossotti equation
36. Give the applications of dielectric materials.
Unit – IV
37. List out the optical properties of semiconductors.
38. Give the types of semiconductors with example?
39. Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
40. Give the relations between carrier concentration and mobility of different semiconductors.
41. Find polarity of semiconductor through the sign of the Hall voltage.
42. Write a note on intrinsic semiconductors
43. Write a note on extrinsic impurity semiconductors with suitable examples
44. What is the Physical law manifested in the continuity equation?
45. Deduce Einstein relation
46. What is meant by conductivity in a semiconductor?
47. What is the value of the Hall coefficient? Assume no acceptor atoms are present and that   Eg ≫ k T.
48. Give  two important applications of Hall effect.
Unit – V
49. Give an application of photo diode.
50. Define Thermistors
51. What is the meant by avalanche photo diode?
52. Define the unit of photo conductivity.
53. Draw neat diagram of solar cell.
54. What is meant by Luminescence?
55. What is the physical significance of photo diode?
56. List out the semiconductor devices.
57. Distinguish between Photo conductivity and electrical conductivity.
58. Write the relation  between Photo conductive cell and solar cell
59. Define Photo Voltaic effect.
60. Give few semiconductor applications.

OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY III INTERNAL QUESTION

OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY - 4BPH4C1
III INTERNAL TEST

PART –A  5 x 2 =10 MARKS
1.GIVE THREE METHODS OF MINIMIZING SPEHERICAL ABERRATION.
2. STATE STOKES LAW
3. STATE RAYLEIGH CRITERION FOR RESOLUTION.
4. DEFINE SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWER.
5. WHAT ARE STOKES AND ANTI STOKES LINES?

PART – B 4 x 5 = 20 MARKS
6. EXPLAIN THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF A DIRECT VISION SPECTROSCOPE.
7. EXPLAIN HOW THE JAMIN INTERFEROMETER IS USED TO STUDY THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF GASES AT VARIOUS PRESSURES.
8. GIVE THE THEORY OF HALF WAVE PLATE.
9. DISCUSS THE QUANTUM THEORY OF RAMAN EFFECT.

PART – C 2 x 10 = 20 MARKS
10. DERIVE THE CONDITIONS TO PRODUCE (I) DISPERSION WITHOUT DEVIATION AND (II) DEVIATION WITHOUT DISPERSION IN  COMBINATIONS OF PRISMS.
11. EXPLAIN FRESNEL DIFFRACTION AT A CIRCULAR APERTURE.

ANALOG ELECTRONICS III INTERNAL QUESTION

ANALOG ELECTRONICS - 4BPH5C1
III INTERNAL TEST
PART –A  5 x 2 =10 MARKS
1. WHAT IS DOPING?
2. DRAW THE SYMBOL OF ZENER DIODE.
3. DEFINE BAND WIDTH
4. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF USING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIRES?
5. DEFINE CMRR.

PART – B 4 x 5 = 20 MARKS
6. EXPLAIN VOLT-AMPERE CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE.
7. EXPLAIN THE h PARAMETERS OF A TRANSISTOR.
8.  COMPARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COUPLING IN MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER.
9.  DESCRIBE THE WORKING OF A PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR WITH NEAT DIAGRAM.

PART – C 2 x 10 = 20 MARKS
10. DISCUSS AC AND DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF A TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER.
11.  DESCRIBE THE WORKING OF COLPITTS OSCILLATOR.

Barkhausen Criterion



Barkhausen criterion states that for sustained oscillations the product between the open loop gain and and the feedback fraction must be unity at the resonant frequency. Viz.,

AOLβ=1

Analog Electronics Test - I - Assignment Questions

1. What is a Semiconductor ?
2. Define Ripple Factor.
3. Draw the symbol of PNP and NPN Transistor.
4. Define operating point of a Transistor.
5.What is phase reversal in CE amplifier?
6.What is negative feedback?
7.Define input impedance of a transistor amplifier.
8.State Barkhausen criterion for obtaining sustained oscillations.
9.What are extrinsic semiconductors?
10.What is doping?
11.Define Bandwidth.
12. Define current gain of a transistor amplifier in CC mode.
13.What is a tank circuit?
14. Draw Zener diode characteristics under reverse bias.
15.Define load line.

Could Somebody Guess What is this ?

WHAT IS THIS?

White LED Spectrum

WHITE LED SPECTRUM OBTAINED FROM AN LED FROM LAPTOP DISPLAY


ABOVE SPECTRUM PROCESSED AND PLOTTED AS A HISTOGRAM WITH APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH SCALE  (PROCESSED USING IMAGEJ SOFTWARE)

WHITE LED  SPECTRUM FROM LITERATURE

Optical Aberrations

Analog Electronics Model Question

Department of Physics - Dr.Zahir Husain College, Ilayangudi
Analog Electronics – 1BPH5C1

Time: 3 Hours                                                                           Max Marks: 75

   Part – A (10 x 2 = 20)
Answer All the Questions
1. How diode acts as a rectifier?
2. Draw the special current-voltage characteristics of Zener diode.
3. Why the collector region is larger than the emitter region in a transistor?
4. Write brief note on transistor action.
5. Draw the circuit diagram of single stage amplifier circuit.
6. Define band width.
7. State any two differences between voltage and power amplifiers.
8. Write note on feed back.
9. List out the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
10. Draw the circuit diagram of a non-inverting amplifier.

   Part – B (5 x 5 = 25)
Answer All the Questions
11.  Discuss the working of a half wave rectifier.
(OR)
    Discuss the formation of depletion layer in PN junction.
12. Write note on cut-off and saturation point.
(OR)
Describe the feedback resistor method of biasing a transistor.
13. Draw the DC equivalent circuit of a transistor amplifier and explain its function.
     (OR)
      Explain RC coupling in a multistage amplifier.
14. Explain the phenomenon of phase reversal in a transistor amplifier.
(OR)
        Write note on class A amplifier.
15. Discuss the working of an op-amp adder.
(OR)
How an op-amp is used as a triangular wave generator?


   Part – C (3 x 10 = 30)
Answer any three Questions
16. (a)Describe the function of Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
        (b)Derive an expression for the efficiency of bridge rectifier.
17. (a)Compare CE,CB and CC transistor configurations.
        (b)Write note on load line.
18. (a)Describe the function of direct coupled multistage amplifier.
        (b) In an amplifier, the maximum voltage gain is 2000 and occurs at 2 kHz. It falls to 1414 at 10        kHz and 50 Hz. Find : (i) Bandwidth (ii) Lower cut-off frequency (iii) Upper cut-off frequency.
19. a)Explain the function of Colpitts oscillator.
       (b) Find the capacitance of the capacitor required to build an LC oscillator that uses an                          inductance of L= 1 mH to produce a sine wave of frequency 1 MHz.
20. (a)Explain how an op-amp is as an integrator and scale changer.
        (b)Feedback resistor of an inverting amplifier has the value of 100 k ohm and the input resistor             has the value of 2 k ohm. If a sinusoidal wave of peak-to-peak voltage 50 mV is given as input         plot the output wave form.




Optics and Spectroscopy Model Question

Department of Physics - Dr.Zahir Husain College, Ilyangudi.
Optics and Spectroscopy –4BPH3C1

Time: 3 Hours                                                                                 Max Marks: 75

   Part – A                     (10 x 2 = 20)
Answer All the Questions

  1. Give three methods of minimizing spherical aberration.
  2. Explain briefly about coma
  3. What is an air wedge? State its uses.
  4. State Stoke’s law.
  5. Distinguish Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction.
  6. State Rayleigh criterion for resolution
  7. What is a quarter wave plate?
  8. Define specific rotation or specific rotary power.
  9. What is a spectrum?
  10. Write note on Stokes lines.
   Part – B                     (5 x 5 = 25)
Answer All the Questions

11. Discuss the principle of aplanatic lens.
(OR)
Describe how achromatic doublet reduces chromatic aberration.

  1. Describe color formation due to thin film interference.
(OR)
Explain the working of Rayleigh interferometer.

13. Explain Fresnel diffraction light at a circular aperture.
     (OR)
            Derive an expression for the resolving power of a grating.
     
  1.  Discuss Huygens theory of double refraction at a uniaxial crystal.
(OR)
            Give the theory of half wave plate.
      15.  Give the theory of origin of pure rotational spectrum
                                                                                   (OR)
            Derive an expression for the rotational energy of a rigid diatomic molecule.


   Part – C                     (3 x 10 = 30)
Answer any three Questions

  1. Define angular dispersion and dispersive power. Derive the conditions to produce (i) deviation without dispersion and (ii) dispersion without deviation in combination of prisms.


  1. Explain the working of Michelson Interferometer. How the wavelength of a monochromatic light can be determined?


  1. Give the theory of plane transmission grating. Describe an experiment to determine the wavelength of sodium light.


  1. Describe Laurent’s half shade polarimeter. Explain how specific rotary power is determined.



  1. Discuss the quantum theory of Raman effect.

Analog Electronics Question Set

Click HERE to Download Analog Electronics Question Set as a PDF.

Analog Electronics Syllabus - 4BPH5C1

III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPH5C1

CORE COURSE IX – ANALOG ELECTRONICS

Unit I SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES
Semiconductor diode – Crystal diode – Rectifiers – Half and full – Wave rectifiers – Bridge rectifier– Efficiency – Ripple factor – Filter circuits.
Zener diode – characteristics – Voltage regulator – Regulated power supply – Problems.

Unit II TRANSISTORS AND TRANSISTOR BIASING
Transistor action – CB, CE & CC modes – Comparison – Amplifier in CE arrangement – Load line analysis – Cut – off and Saturation – Power rating – Application of CB amplifier.
Transistor biasing – Various methods of transistor biasing: base resistor, feedback resistor, voltage divider methods – Hybrid parameters – Determination of h parameters – Analysis of a transistor CE amplifier using h parameters.

Unit III AMPLIFIERS – SINGLE STAGE & MULTISTAGE
Single stage amplifier – Phase reversal – DC & AC equivalent circuits – Load line analysis – Voltage gain – Classification of amplifiers – Input impedance of an amplifier.
Multistage transistor amplifier – RC, transformer, direct coupled amplifiers – Comparison of different types of amplifiers.

Unit IV AUDIO AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS
Transistor audio power amplifier – Difference between voltage and power amplifiers – Performance quantities of power amplifiers – Classification of power amplifiers – Expression for collector efficiency – Class A amplifier – Push – Pull amplifier – Heat sink.
Feedback principle – Negative and positive feedback – Current gain with negative feedback – Emitter follower – DC analysis – Types of oscillations – Undamped oscillations – Colpitt, Hartley, Phaseshift Oscillator. 

Unit V OP AMPS
OP AMP: characteristics, OP AMP biasing – Non – inverting & Inverting amplifiers – Applications of OPAMP – adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator – waveforms study, scale changer and sign changer – Instrumentation amplifier – Voltage level detector.
OP AMP signal generators: Phase shift, Colpitts', Hartley, Square wave and triangular wave generators.

Books for Study

1. V.K.Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd.,10th Edition 2007. 
2. R.S.Sedha – Text Book of Applied Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd., II Edition 2004. 

Books for Reference

1. B.L. Theraja – Basic Electronics – S. Chand & Co, V Edition 2009.
2. Malvino & Leach – Transistor Approximations – International Publication – 2000.


Optics And Spectroscopy Syllabus - 4BPH3C1

II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPH3C1

CORE COURSE VI – OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

Unit I GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

Lens – Spherical aberration in lenses – Methods of minimizing spherical aberration – chromatic aberration in lenses – condition for achromatism of two thin lenses (in and out of contact) – Coma –– Aplanatic lens –– Eyepieces – Ramsden’s and Huygens’s eyepieces.
Dispersion – Angular and Chromatic dispersion – combination of prisms to produce i)dispersion without deviation ii) deviation without dispersion – Cauchy’s dispersion formula– Direct vision spectroscope – Constant deviation spectroscope. 

Unit II INTERFERENCE 

Conditions for interference – colours of thin films – Air wedge – theory – determination of diameter of a thin wire by Air wedge – test for optical flatness – Newton’s rings – Determination of refractive index of a liquid.
Michelson’s Interferometer – theory and its Application (Measurement of wavelength and difference between wavelength of two close lines, thickness of mica sheet, standardization of meter) – Jamin’s and Raleigh’s interferometers – determination of refractive index of gases

Unit III DIFFRACTION 

Fresnel’s  diffraction – diffraction at circular aperture – opaque circular disc, Straight edge and narrow wire – Fraunhofer  Diffraction at single slit – Double slit – Plane diffraction grating – theory and experiment to determine wavelength – overlapping of spectral lines.
Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution – resolving power – resolving power of grating – resolving power of a prism.

Unit IV POLARISATION

Double refraction – Huygens’s explanation of double refraction in uni axial crystals – Nicol Prism – Nicol Prism as polarizer  and analyzer – Polaroids and their uses – Quarter wave plates and Half wave plates. 
Plane, elliptically and circularly polarized light – Production and detection – Optical activity– Fresnel’s explanation of optical activity – Specific rotatory power – determination using Laurent’s half shade polarimeter.

Unit V SPECTROSCOPY

Microwave and infrared Spectroscopy – Rotation of molecules – Rotational Spectra – The  rigid  diatomic molecules, selection rules – the intensities of spectral lines – techniques and instrumentation (outlines only) Infrared spectroscopy (outlines only) – FTIR (outlines only).
Raman Spectroscopy – Quantum theory of Raman effect – Classical theory of Raman effect – Molecular Polarisability – pure rotational Raman spectra of linear molecules – vibrational Raman spectra – Applications – techniques and instrumentations (outlines only). 



Books for Study

1. Optics and Spectroscopy – R.Murugeshan, S. Chand and co., New Delhi, 6th Edition 2008. 
2. A text book of Optics – Subramanyam and Brijlal, S. Chand and co.. New Delhi, 22nd Edition 2004.
3. Optics – Sathyaprakash, Ratan  Prakashan Mandhir, New Delhi, VIIth Edition 1990.
4. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy – C.N.Banewell, TMH publishing co. New Delhi,IV Edition 2006.
5. Elements of Spectroscopy – S.L. Gupta, V.Kumar and R.C.Sharma – Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 13th Edition   1997
6. Molecular structure and spectroscopy – G.Aruldhass, PHI Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, II Edition 2007.


Optics and Spectroscopy - 4BPH3C1 Question Bank

Click HERE to Download Optics and Spectroscopy Question Bank

Fundamentals of Nanoscience Unit V Notes - PDF Link

Click Here To Download Fundamentals of Nanoscience Unit V Notes as PDF

Nanosensors in Optics - V Unit Notes

Nanosensors in Optics

                Nanosensors are devices with dimensions on the nanometer scale that are capable of monitoring the presence of a specific chemical or class of chemicals. Nanosensors which employ optical transduction methods are called optical Nanosensors.

                Optical nanosensors can generally be classified into one of two different classes: 1) chemical nanosensors, or 2) nanobiosensors, depending on the type of recognition element (chemical or biochemical) used to provide specificity to the sensor. Small sizes of these sensors allow them to be inserted and precisely positioned within individual cells to obtain spatially localized measurements of chemical species in real time.

                Fiber optic nanosensors employ fiber optics that have been tapered on one end to diameters typically ranging between 20 and 100 nm. Excitons or evanescent fields continue to travel through the remainder of the tapered fiber’s tip, providing the necessary excitation energy. Excitation using such a sensor is highly localized, allowing only species close to the fiber’s tip to be excited.

                The most significant applications of fiber optic nanoprobes to NSOM analyses of biological samples occurred when a single dye-labeled DNA molecule was detected using near-field surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (NFSERRS). In that work, dye-labeled DNA strands were spotted onto a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate that was prepared by evaporating silver on a nanoparticle-coated surface. Following preparation of the sample, a fiber optic nanoprobe was raster-scanned over the sample’s surface, illuminating it point by point, while the resulting Raman signals were measured with a charge-coupled device (CCD). Based on the intensity of the Raman signals measured at every location, a two-dimensional image of the DNA molecules was reconstructed and normalized
for surface topography based on the intensity of the Rayleigh scatter.

FIBER OPTIC CHEMICAL NANOSENSORS
                Fiber optic chemical nanosensors have chemical recognition elements (e.g., fluorescent indicator dyes, etc.) bound to the tapered tip of the fiber to provide a degree of specificity. It is important to employ a sensitive detection system, such as the one shown in the following figure.


Fiber Optic Scanner
                In such a system, the sample is excited by launching an intense light source (e.g., laser) into the proximal end of the fiber optic nanosensor. The nanosensor is then positioned in the desired location using an x–y–z micromanipulator or piezoelectric positioning system mounted on a microscope. Once in place, the fluorescent indicator dye immobilized on the tip of the fiber is excited, and the resulting fluorescence emission is collected and filtered by the microscope before being detected with either a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or a CCD.

 NANOPARTICLE-BASED OPTICAL NANOSENSORS

                One advance in the last several years has been the development of nanoparticle-based optochemical sensors, with nanometer-scale sizes in all three dimensions. Because of the small sizes of these sensors, a large number of them can be implanted within an individual cell at one time, allowing for the monitoring of many locations simultaneously. Although many different nanoparticle-based sensors are currently being developed, three main classes have already shown a great deal of promise for intracellular analyses. These three classes are

·         Quantum dot-based nanobiosensors
·         Polymer-encapsulated nanosensors known as PEBBLEs
·         Phospholipid-based nanosensors
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)