DIGITAL ELECTRONICS SYLLABUS - 2018-19 - 4BPH6C2


III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPH6C2
CORE COURSE XIV – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Unit I                     DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS
Codes and Number Systems – Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number systems – Inter conversions – 8421 BCD code – Other 4 bit BCD codes – Excess 3 code – Gray code.
Basic LOGIC Gates – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, EX-OR functions – their Truth tables. NAND & NOR as Universal gates – De Morgan's theorem – Associative law, Commutative law – Distributive law.
Unit II                   COMBINATIONAL LOGIC
Binary Arithmetic Circuits – Half Adder – Full Adder– 8421 BCD Adder – Half Subtractor – Full Subtractor - Boolean Algebra – Boolean theorems.
Simplification of Boolean functions – Algebraic simplification – AND-OR logic – NAND-NAND net work – OR – AND logic – NOR-NOR network – Sum of Products & Product of Sums – Karnaugh mapping of Two, Three, Four variables – Don't care conditions
Unit III  SEQUENTIAL LOGIC
Flip-Flop – R-S Flip-Flop – Clocked R-S Flip-Flop – D Flip-Flop- J-K Flip-Flop – Triggering of Flip-Flop – Master Slave Flip-Flop.
Registers & Counters – Registers – Shift Registers – Shift Right, Shift Left Registers – Counters – Ring counter – Johnson's ring counter – Asynchronous (Ripple) Counter – Different modulii Counters – up counter – down counter – Synchronous Counter – Different modulli Counters.
Unit IV  D/A AND A/D CONVERTERS
Introduction – Variable resistor network – Binary ladder – D/A Converter – D/A accuracy and resolution – A/D converter.
Simultaneous conversion – Counter method – Successive approximation – A/D – A/D accuracy and resolution.
Unit V                   MEMORY CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS
Programming bipolar PROMS – MOS static RAM cell – MOS dynamic RAM cell – Refreshing circuits – Charged Coupled devices – Basic CCD operations.
Magnetic bubble memory – Auxiliary memory storage – Magnetic disk, floppy disk and Winchester hard disk – CD – Laser R/W systems – Flash Memory (memory stick).


Books for Study
1.       Millman and Halkias, Integrated Electronics, International Ed., McGraw Book Co., New Delhi, 1972.
2.        Malvino and Leach, Digital Principles and Application, 4th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, VI Edn, 2008.
3.        Anokh Singh and A.K. Chhabra, Fundamentals of Digital Electronics and Microprocessors, S.Chand and Co Ltd, New Delhi, II Edn, 2005.
4.        A. Subramanyam – Applied Electronics – NPC – 2005
Books for Reference
1.        Virendra Kumar – Digital Technology Principle and Practice – New Age International Pvt. Ltd. – 2005.
2.        Floyd – UBS – 2005 – Digital Fundamentals.
3.        Samuel.C.Lee–Digital Circuits and Logic Design–Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd–2005

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS SYLLABUS - 2018-19 - 7BPH4C1


II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BPH4C1
CORE COURSE VIII – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Unit I                     POSITIVE RAYS
Properties of positive rays – e/m of positive rays – Aston’s, Bain Bridge’s mass spectrograph- critical potential – experimental determination of critical potential –Frank and Hertz experiment.
Photo electricity: Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richardson and Compton experiment – Einstein’s photo electric equation – experimental verification of Einstein’s photo electric equation by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells.
Unit II                   VECTOR ATOM MODEL
Various quantum numbers – L – S and j – j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr magnetron – spatial quantization – Stern and Gerlach experiment.
Fine structure of spectral lines- Spectral terms and notation – selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – fine structure of alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anomalous Zeeman effect .
Unit III  X – RAYS
Discovery – Production, Properties and absorption of X – rays – origin & analysis of continuous and characteristic X – ray spectrum – Duane & Hunt Law – Bragg’s law – derivation of Bragg’s law – Bragg’s X–ray spectrometer – Mosley’s law and its importance -  Compton effect – Derivation of expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.
X – ray crystallography- Definition of  Crystal – Crystal lattice – unit cell –– Bravai’s lattice – Miller indices – illustrations - Structure of KCl crystals.
Unit IV  RADIO ACTIVITY
Natural radioactivity – Laws of disintegration – half life and mean life period – Units of radioactivity – Transient and secular equilibrium – Radio carbon dating – Age of earth – Alpha rays– characteristics – Geiger – Nuttal law – α-ray spectra – Beta rays – characteristics.
                Beta ray spectra – Neutrino hypothesis - Gamma rays and internal conversion– Nuclear isomerism- artificial radioactivity- Betatron – GM counter –– Cloud chamber
Unit V                   NUCLEAR REACTION
Nuclear fission – chain reaction – four factor formula – critical mass and size – controlled chain reaction – nuclear reactor – Breeder reactor – Transuranic elements – Nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reaction – sources of stellar energy- Cosmic rays (outlines only).
Elementary Particles – Hadrons – leptons – Mesons – Baryons – Hyperons – Antiparticle and antimatter.


Text Books:
  1. Modern Physics – R.Murugeshan , S.Chand &Co; 13th Edition, New Delhi, 2008.                                                         
  2. Modern Physics  –Sehgal & Chopra; Sultan Chand and publication, 9th Edition, NewDelhi, 2013.                                                                      
  3. Introduction to Modern Physics –H.S Mani, G K Mehta, Affiliated east – West  Pvt Ltd,  NewDelhi
  4. Nuclear Physics – D.C Tayal , Himalaya Pub.house, V Edition,  Mumbai, 2008.                                                                   
  5. Atomic & Nuclear Physics– Subramanyam & Brijal, S.Chand & Co; V Edition,  New Delhi, 2003.
Books for Reference:
  1. Atomic Physics– J.B Rajam, S.Chand & Co; NewDelhi 1959
  2. Concepts of Nuclear Physics – Bernard L Cohen, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1959

Semiconductors - Definition

Semiconductors are materials having electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. They can be elements like silicon,germanium etc or compounds like gallium arsenide,cadmium selenide etc. Technically semiconductors are characterized by a low band gap of few electron volts between valence and conduction bands.

Non-inverting Amplifier - Operational Amplifier

In non-inverting amplifier configuration input voltage(VIN) is applied at the non-inverting input terminal of  an op-amp. The feedback is applied at the inverting input terminal drawing current from the output through a potential divider network. This is shown in the following circuit diagram. 

The gain of the non-inverting amplifier can be derived by applying the concept of virtual ground and Kirchoff Current Law at inverting and non-inverting terminals as follows.

Applying KCL at node V- and taking the fact that virtually no current flows into the op-amp,


Applying the concept of virtual ground,

                                                                                          
But ,



Therefore, 





Substituting Equation (2) in Equation (1),









Therefore voltage gain AV of the non-inverting amplifier is given by,








Instrumentation Amplifier - Op Amp

Instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifier with input buffer stages. Input buffer stages aids in impedance matching with the previous stage. Instrumentation amplifiers are generally used in industrial and scientific measurements. Instrumentation amplifier has such useful features as low offset voltage,high CMRR,high input impedance, high gain etc. The circuit diagram of an instrumentation amplifier is shown below,



The above circuit produces an output voltage  (Vout)  proportional to the difference between input voltages((V1-V2).In the circuit diagram two op amps are shown as input buffers. But gain of the input buffers is not unity due to the presence of resistances R1 and Rg. Op amp at the output stage is wired as a standard differential amplifier.R2 is the input resistor and R3 is connected from output of the output op-amp to its inverting input of the op amp. 

The voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier is given by the expression, 

Voltage Gain G = (VO/(V1-V2)) = (1+2R1/Rg)(R3/R2)

Instrumentation amplifiers are used where high sensitivity, accuracy and stability are required.High gain accuracy can be achieved by using precision metal film resistors for all the resistances.

As high negative feed back is employed, the instrumentation amplifier has a good linearity. The output impedance is typically in the range of few milli ohms.

UNIT V - SPECTROSCOPY FULL NOTES

Click HERE to download Spectroscopy Full Notes as a PDF.

ANALOG ELECTRONICS - III INTERNAL TEST

Analog Electronics - 4BPH5C1
 III Internal Test
Time : 2.5 Hrs                                                                                                                         Marks: 40

                                                                        PART - A                                                        5 x 2 = 10

1.What is negative feedback?
2.State Barhausen criterion for obtaining sustained oscillations in oscillators. 
3.List out the characteristics of an ideal Op Amp.
4.Draw the symbol of an Op Amp.
5.Define CMRR.

                                                                       PART - B                                                      2 x 5 = 10

6.Explain a push-pull amplifier with a neat circuit.
7.Explain an op-amp non inverting amplifier with neat circuit diagram.


                                                                         PART - C                                                     2 x 10 = 20

8.Explain the working of a Hartley oscillator.
9.Explain an op-amp integrator and differentiator with necessary wave forms. 

Differences between Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffractions

Fresnel  Diffraction
Fraunhofer Diffraction
The source and the screen are at finite distance from the diffracting aperture
The source and the screen are at infinite distance from the diffracting aperture
Near field diffraction
Far field diffraction
The wave fronts are divergent and are either spherical and cylindrical
The wave fronts are planar which is realized by using convex lenses
No mirror or lenses are used for observation
Diffracted light is collected by lens as in a telescope

Stokes Line and Anti-Stokes Line Definitions

A Stoke line is radiation of line spectra in fluorescence or Raman scattering with longer wavelength than the exciting radiation.

An anti-Stokes line is radiation of line spectra in fluorescence or Raman scattering with shorter wavelength than the exciting radiation.


- ஜெயமோகன்

ஜெயமோகனின் யானை டாக்டர் வாசிக்க இங்கே சொடுக்கவும்.







OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY III INTERNAL TEST

OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY - 4BPH4C1
III INTERNAL TEST

PART –A  5 x 2 =10 MARKS
1.GIVE THREE METHODS OF MINIMIZING SPHERICAL ABERRATION.
2. STATE STOKES LAW
3. WHAT IS A SELECTION RULE?
4. GIVE AN APPLICATION OF VIBRATIONAL RAMAN SPECTRA.
5. WHAT ARE STOKES AND ANTI STOKES LINES?

PART – B 4 x 5 = 20 MARKS
6. GIVE THE THEORY OF HALF WAVE PLATE.
7. DISCUSS THE QUANTUM THEORY OF RAMAN EFFECT.

PART – C 2 x 10 = 20 MARKS
8. DISCUSS CLASSICAL THEORY OF RAMAN EFFECT
9. DISCUSS ROTATIONAL SPECTRA OF RIGID DIATOMIC MOLECULES.

Time Table - Department of Physics - 2018-2019


Unit V - Spectroscopy Notes - Part I

Click HERE to download Spectroscopy(Unit V) notes Part I as PDF

Stability Factor and Its Importance

The rate of change of collector current IC with respect to the collector leakage current ICBO is called stability factor, denoted by S. 

Stabilization of operating point is important due to temperature dependence of Ic, individual variations of transistor parameters and thermal runaway.

Hybrid Parameters - h Parameters

The hybrid parameters determine transistor amplifier characteristics such as voltage gain, current gain, input and output impedance etc.Every linear circuit can be analyzed as two port networks.Four parameters called hybrid parameters or h-parameters can be used to describe these networks.One parameter is measured in ohm and another parameter is measured in mho and other two parameters are dimensionless.As these parameters have mixed dimensions they are called hybrid parameters.

OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY - II INTERNAL TEST

Optics and Spectroscopy - 7BPH3C1
 II Internal Test
Time : 2.5 Hrs                                                                                                                         Marks: 40

                                                                        PART - A                                                        5 x 2 = 10

1. List the uses of air wedge.
2. State Rayleigh Criterion for resolution.
3. Define resolving power of a prism. 
4. State any two differences between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
5. Define specific rotatory power.

                                                                       PART - B                                                      2 x 5 = 10

1.Derive an expression for resolving power of grating.
2. Explain Fresnel diffraction at a circular aperture.


                                                                         PART - C                                                     2 x 10 = 20

1. Describe Fraunhofer diffraction at a double slit.
2. Give the theory of plane transmission grating. Describe an experiment to determine the wavelength of sodium lines.

ANALOG ELECTRONICS - II INTERNAL TEST

Analog Electronics - 4BPH5C1
 II Internal Test
Time : 2.5 Hrs                                                                                                                         Marks: 40

                                                                        PART - A                                                        5 x 2 = 10

1.Draw the symbol of a PNP and NPN transistor.
2.Define current gain in CE mode.
3.What is stability factor? Give its importance.
4.What are h parameters?
5.Give the difference between voltage and power amplifier.

                                                                       PART - B                                                      2 x 5 = 10

1.Describe voltage divider bias.
2.Describe AC and DC equivalent circuits of CE transistor amplifier.


                                                                         PART - C                                                     2 x 10 = 20

1.Describe in detail load line analysis of a CE amplifier. Also derive expressions for voltage gain and input impedance.  
2. Explain the working of an RC coupled CE amplifier. List out its merits and drawbacks.

Pale Blue Dot - A Cosmic Outlook

The Pale Blue Dot - Our Cosmic Home


CS_pale_blue_dot

Achromatic Doublet

An achromatic doublet is a combination of a concave and convex lenses made of different materials specifically designed to eliminate chromatic aberration inherent in single lenses.

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Analog Electronics - I Internal Test

Analog Electronics - 4BPH5C1
 I Internal Test
Time : 2 Hrs                                                                                                                           Marks: 40

                                                                        PART - A                                                        5 x 2 = 10

1.What are extrinsic semiconductors?
2.What is a crystal diode? 
3.Define ripple factor. 
4.Define current gain of a transistor in CC mode.
5.Define operating point of a transistor.

                                                                       PART - B                                                      2 x 5 = 10

1. Describe the working of a Zener voltage regulator.
2. Derive relation between alpha and beta.


                                                                         PART - C                                                     2 x 10 = 20

1.Describe the working of a full wave bridge rectifier.
2.Write an essay on load line analysis of transistor circuits.

Optics and Spectroscopy - I Internal Test

Optics and Spectroscopy - 7BPH3C1
 I Internal Test
Time : 2 Hrs                                                                                                                           Marks: 40

                                                                        PART - A                                                        5 x 2 = 10

1. Write short note on chromatic aberration in lenses.
2. Define dispersive power of a material.
3. What is an achromatic doublet?
4. State Stoke's Law.
5. What is an air wedge?

                                                                       PART - B                                                      2 x 5 = 10

1. Derive the condition for the minimization of Spherical Aberration when two thin lenses are separated by a distance.
2. Explain how colors appear in thin films due to interference.


                                                                         PART - C                                                     2 x 10 = 20

1. Explain the construction, action and working of Ramsden and Huygens Eyepieces with neat diagrams. Also indicate the position of cardinal points for these eyepieces.
2. Explain the construction of Michelson Interferometer. How the wavelength of monochromatic light can be measured?

Theory of Rainbow - Notes








ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY UG-SCIENCE AFFILIATED COLLEGES RESULT - APRIL 2017

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ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY UG-SCIENCE AFFILIATED COLLEGES RESULT - APRIL 2017 Page

Analog Electronics - Syllabus


III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPH5C1

CORE COURSE IX – ANALOG ELECTRONICS

Unit I    SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES
Semiconductor diode – Crystal diode – Rectifiers – Half and full – Wave rectifiers – Bridge rectifier– Efficiency – Ripple factor – Filter circuits.
Zener diode – characteristics – Voltage regulator – Regulated power supply – Problems.

Unit II   TRANSISTORS AND TRANSISTOR BIASING
Transistor action – CB, CE & CC modes – Comparison – Amplifier in CE arrangement – Load line analysis – Cut – off and Saturation – Power rating – Application of CB amplifier.
Transistor biasing – Various methods of transistor biasing: base resistor, feedback resistor, voltage divider methods – Hybrid parameters – Determination of h parameters – Analysis of a transistor CE amplifier using h parameters.

Unit III  AMPLIFIERS – SINGLE STAGE & MULTISTAGE
Single stage amplifier – Phase reversal – DC & AC equivalent circuits – Load line analysis – Voltage gain – Classification of amplifiers – Input impedance of an amplifier.
Multistage transistor amplifier – RC, transformer, direct coupled amplifiers – Comparison of different types of amplifiers.

Unit IV  AUDIO AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS
Transistor audio power amplifier – Difference between voltage and power amplifiers – Performance quantities of power amplifiers – Classification of power amplifiers – Expression for collector efficiency – Class A amplifier – Push – Pull amplifier – Heat sink.
Feedback principle – Negative and positive feedback – Current gain with negative feedback – Emitter follower – DC analysis – Types of oscillations – Undamped oscillations – Colpitt, Hartley, Phaseshift Oscillator.

Unit V    OP AMPS
OP AMP: characteristics, OP AMP biasing – Non – inverting & Inverting amplifiers – Applications of OPAMP – adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator – waveforms study, scale changer and sign changer – Instrumentation amplifier – Voltage level detector.
OP AMP signal generators: Phase shift, Colpitts', Hartley, Square wave and triangular wave generators.

Books for Study

1. V.K.Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd.,10th Edition 2007.
2. R.S.Sedha – Text Book of Applied Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd., II Edition 2004.

Books for Reference

1. B.L. Theraja – Basic Electronics – S. Chand & Co, V Edition 2009.
2. Malvino & Leach – Transistor Approximations – International Publication – 2000.

Syllabus for Optics and Spectroscopy - 2018 ODD SEM


II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BPH3C1

CORE COURSE VI – OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

Unit I              GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

Lens – Spherical aberration in lenses – Methods of minimizing spherical aberration – chromatic aberration in lenses – condition for achromatism of two thin lenses (in and out of contact) – Coma - Aplanatic lens – Eyepieces – Ramsden’s and Huygens’s eyepieces.  Dispersion – Angular and Chromatic dispersion – combination of prisms to produce i)dispersion without deviation ii) deviation without dispersion – Cauchy’s dispersion formula– Direct vision spectroscope – Theory of formation of rainbow.

Unit II             INTERFERENCE

Conditions for interference – colours of thin films – Air wedge – theory – determination of diameter of a thin wire by Air wedge – test for optical flatness – Newton’s rings – Determination of refractive index of a liquid.  Michelson’s Interferometer – theory and its Application (Measurement of wavelength and difference between wavelength of two close lines, thickness of mica sheet) – Jamin’s interferometers – determination of refractive index of gases

Unit III           DIFFRACTION

Fresnel’s  diffraction –Rectilinear propagation of light – zone plate –diffraction at circular aperture – opaque circular disc – Fraunhofer  diffraction at single slit – Double slit – Plane diffraction grating – theory and experiment to determine wavelength – overlapping of spectral lines. Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution – resolving power – resolving power of grating – resolving power of a prism.

Unit IV           POLARISATION

Double refraction – Huygens’s explanation of double refraction in uni axial crystals – Nicol Prism – Nicol Prism as polarizer  and analyzer – Polaroids and their uses – Quarter wave plates and Half wave plates.  Plane, elliptically and circularly polarized light – Production and detection – Optical activity– Fresnel’s explanation of optical activity – Specific rotatory power – determination using Laurent’s half shade polarimeter.

Unit V             SPECTROSCOPY

Microwave and infrared Spectroscopy – Rotation of molecules – Rotational Spectra – The  rigid  diatomic molecules, selection rules – the intensities of spectral lines – Infrared spectroscopy (outlines only) – Raman Spectroscopy – Quantum theory of Raman effect – Classical theory of Raman effect – Molecular Polarisability – pure rotational Raman spectra of linear molecules – vibrational Raman spectra – Applications.


Text Books:

  1. Optics and Spectroscopy –     R.Murugeshan, S. Chand and co., 6th Edition, New Delhi, 2008.
  2. A text book of Optics – Subramanyam and Brijlal, S. Chand and co.., 22nd  Edition, New Delhi 2004.
  3. Elements of Spectroscopy – S.L. Gupta, V.Kumar and R.C.Sharma Pragati Prakashan, 13th Edition, Meerut, 1997

Books for Reference:

  1. Optics –  Sathyaprakash, Ratan  Prakashan Mandhir, VIIth Edition,  New Delhi, 1990.
  2. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy –C.N.Banewell,TMH publishing co. IV Edition,  New Delhi, 2006.
  3.  Molecular structure and spectroscopy – G.Aruldhass, PHI Pvt Ltd, , II Edition, New Delhi, 2007.

Zeeman Effect










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