Atomic and Nuclear Physics - 7BPH4C1 - Syllabus

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: 7BPH4C1

CORE COURSE VIII – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I              POSITIVE RAYS

Properties of positive rays – e/m of positive rays – Aston’s, Bain bridge’s mass spectrograph-  critical potential – experimental determination of critical potential –Frank and Hertz experiment.

Photo electricity: Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richardson and Compton experiment – Einstein’s photo electric equation – experimental verification of Einstein’s photo electric equation by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells.

Unit II             VECTOR ATOM MODEL

Various quantum numbers – L – S and j – j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr magneton – spatial quantization – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

Fine structure of spectral lines- Spectral terms and notation – selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – fine structure of alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anomalous Zeeman effect .

Unit III           X – RAYS

Discovery – Production, Properties and absorption of X – rays – origin & analysis of continuous and characteristic X – ray spectrum – Duane & Hunt Law – Bragg’s law – derivation of Bragg’s law – Bragg’s X–ray spectrometer – Mosley’s law and its importance -  Compton effect – Derivation of expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.

X – ray crystallography- Definition of  Crystal – Crystal lattice – unit cell –– Bravais lattice – Miller indices – illustrations - Structure of KCl crystals.

Unit IV           RADIO ACTIVITY

Natural radioactivity – Laws of disintegration – half life and mean life period – Units of radioactivity – Transient and secular equilibrium – Radio carbon dating – Age of earth – Alpha rays– characteristics – Geiger – Nuttal law – α-ray spectra – Beta rays – characteristics.

Beta ray spectra – Neutrino hypothesis - Gamma rays and internal conversion– Nuclear isomerism- artificial radioactivity- Betatron – GM counter –– Cloud chamber

Unit V             NUCLEAR REACTION

Nuclear fission – chain reaction – four factor formula – critical mass and size – controlled chain reaction – nuclear reactor – Breeder reactor – Transuranic elements – Nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reaction – sources of stellar energy- Cosmic rays (outlines only).

Elementary Particles – Hadrons – leptons – Mesons – Baryons – Hyperons – Antiparticle and antimatter.

Text Books

1. Modern Physics – R.Murugeshan , S.Chand &Co; 13^th Edition, New Delhi, 2008.                                                          
2. Modern Physics  –Sehgal & Chopra; Sultan Chand and publication, 9^th Edition, NewDelhi, 2013.                                                                       
3. Introduction to Modern Physics –H.S Mani, G K Mehta, Affiliated east – West  Pvt Ltd,  NewDelhi
4. Nuclear Physics – D.C Tayal , Himalaya Pub.house, V Edition,  Mumbai, 2008.                                                                   
5. Atomic & Nuclear Physics– Subramanyam & Brijal, S.Chand & Co; V Edition,  New Delhi, 2003.

Books for Reference:

1. Atomic Physics– J.B Rajam, S.Chand & Co; NewDelhi 1959
2. Concepts of Nuclear Physics – Bernard L Cohen, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1959

Alkali Spectra Notes

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Differences Between Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect

Normal vs Anomalous Zeeman Effect
The splitting of a spectral line of an atom into three lines in an external magnetic field is called normal Zeeman effect.	The splitting of a spectral line of an atom into four or more line in the presence of a magnetic field is called anomalous Zeeman effect.
This can be  explained on the basis of classical physics.	This can only be understood on the basis of quantum mechanics invoking electron spin.
Magnetic moment is due to orbital angular momentum.	Magnetic moment is due to both orbital and nonzero spin angular momentum
Involves transitions between singlet states.	Involves transitions between doublet, triplet etc states
Calcium, copper, zinc, and cadmium are some elements that show this effect.	Sodium and chromium are two elements that show this effect.

Characteristics or Properties of X Rays

1. X rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelength ranging from 0.1 - 1 Å.
2. X rays travel in straight lines.
3. X rays are produced when high energy electrons are stopped by metal barriers.
4. X rays are absorbed more readily by heavy elements than light elements.
5. X rays affect photographic plates.
6. X rays cause fluorescence.
7. X rays are not affected by electric or magnetic fields.
8. X ray Spectrum consists of  line spectrum superimposed on a continuous spectrum.
9. X rays interact with materials and cause ionization.
10. X rays are diffracted by atomic or molecular arrangement in crystals.

I Internal Test - Atomic and Nuclear Physics - 7BPH4C1

 Part - A                       5x2 = 10 

1. Write any two properties of positive rays.

2.  State the laws of photoelectric emission?

3. What is critical potential? What are it's two kinds?

4. State Pauli's Exclusion Principle.

5.What is anomalous Zeeman Effect

                                                         Part - B                      2x5 = 10

1.Explain the action and working of Bain Bridge Mass Spectrograph.

2.Explain the Fine Structure of Sodium D - Line

Part - C                        2x10 = 20

1.Obtain Einstein's Photo Electric Equation and Discuss the Millikan's Experiment to verify it.

2.Describe the Stern and Gerlach Experiment. 

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS SYLLABUS - 2018-19 - 7BPH4C1

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: 7BPH4C1

CORE COURSE VIII – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Unit I                     POSITIVE RAYS

Properties of positive rays – e/m of positive rays – Aston’s, Bain Bridge’s mass spectrograph- critical potential – experimental determination of critical potential –Frank and Hertz experiment.

Photo electricity: Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richardson and Compton experiment – Einstein’s photo electric equation – experimental verification of Einstein’s photo electric equation by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells.

Unit II                   VECTOR ATOM MODEL

Various quantum numbers – L – S and j – j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr magnetron – spatial quantization – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

Fine structure of spectral lines- Spectral terms and notation – selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – fine structure of alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anomalous Zeeman effect .

Unit III  X – RAYS

Discovery – Production, Properties and absorption of X – rays – origin & analysis of continuous and characteristic X – ray spectrum – Duane & Hunt Law – Bragg’s law – derivation of Bragg’s law – Bragg’s X–ray spectrometer – Mosley’s law and its importance -  Compton effect – Derivation of expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.

X – ray crystallography- Definition of  Crystal – Crystal lattice – unit cell –– Bravai’s lattice – Miller indices – illustrations - Structure of KCl crystals.

Unit IV  RADIO ACTIVITY

Natural radioactivity – Laws of disintegration – half life and mean life period – Units of radioactivity – Transient and secular equilibrium – Radio carbon dating – Age of earth – Alpha rays– characteristics – Geiger – Nuttal law – α-ray spectra – Beta rays – characteristics.

                Beta ray spectra – Neutrino hypothesis - Gamma rays and internal conversion– Nuclear isomerism- artificial radioactivity- Betatron – GM counter –– Cloud chamber

Unit V                   NUCLEAR REACTION

Nuclear fission – chain reaction – four factor formula – critical mass and size – controlled chain reaction – nuclear reactor – Breeder reactor – Transuranic elements – Nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reaction – sources of stellar energy- Cosmic rays (outlines only).

Elementary Particles – Hadrons – leptons – Mesons – Baryons – Hyperons – Antiparticle and antimatter.

Text Books:

1. Modern Physics – R.Murugeshan , S.Chand &Co; 13^th Edition, New Delhi, 2008.                                                         
2. Modern Physics  –Sehgal & Chopra; Sultan Chand and publication, 9^th Edition, NewDelhi, 2013.                                                                      
3. Introduction to Modern Physics –H.S Mani, G K Mehta, Affiliated east – West  Pvt Ltd,  NewDelhi
4. Nuclear Physics – D.C Tayal , Himalaya Pub.house, V Edition,  Mumbai, 2008.                                                                   
5. Atomic & Nuclear Physics– Subramanyam & Brijal, S.Chand & Co; V Edition,  New Delhi, 2003.

Books for Reference:

1. Atomic Physics– J.B Rajam, S.Chand & Co; NewDelhi 1959
2. Concepts of Nuclear Physics – Bernard L Cohen, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1959