Nano Materials applications in Magnetism - V Unit Notes

Nano Materials applications in Magnetism

Cancer Treatment

                Magnetic nanoparticles have been examined for use in an experimental cancer treatment called magnetic hyperthermia  in which an alternating magnetic field (AMF) is used to heat the nanoparticles. To achieve sufficient magnetic nanoparticle heating, the AMF typically has a frequency between 100–500 kHz, although significant research has been done at lower frequencies as well as frequencies as high as 10 MHz, with the amplitude of the field usually between 8-16kAm⁻¹

Bacteria Detection

                Magnetic nanoparticles can be conjugated with carbohydrates and used for detection of bacteria. Iron oxide particles have been used for the detection of Gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and for detection of Gram positive bacteria like Streptococcus suis.

Magnetic Immunoassays

                Magnetic immunoassay (MIA) is a type of diagnostic immunoassay utilizing magnetic nanobeads as labels in place of conventional immunoassays. This assay involves the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen, where a magnetic label is conjugated to one element of the pair. The presence of magnetic nanobeads is then detected by a magnetic reader (magnetometer) which measures the magnetic field change induced by the beads. The signal measured by the magnetometer is proportional to the analyte (virus, toxin, bacteria, cardiac marker etc.) quantity in the initial sample.

Waste Water Treatment

                Magnetic nanoparticles have a potential for treatment of contaminated water. Attachment of EDTA-like chelators to carbon coated metal nanomagnets results in a magnetic reagent for the rapid removal of heavy metals from solutions or contaminated water by three orders of magnitude to concentrations as low as micrograms per litre.

Catalyst support

                A catalyst support is the material, usually a solid with a high surface area, to which a catalyst is affixed. The reactivity of heterogeneous catalysts occurs at the surface atoms. Typical supports include various kinds of carbon, alumina, and silica. Immobilizing the catalytic center on top of nanoparticles with a large surface to volume ratio addresses this problem. In the case of magnetic nanoparticles it adds the property of facile separation.

Biomedical imaging

                There are many applications for iron-oxide based nanoparticles in concert with magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic CoPt nanoparticles are being used as an MRI contrast agent for transplanted neural stem cell detection.

Information storage

                A method for high-density storage is the face-centered tetragonal phase FePt alloy. Grain sizes can be as small as 3 nanometers. If it's possible to modify the MNPs at this small scale, the information density that can be achieved with this media could easily surpass 1 Terabyte per square inch.

Genetic engineering

                Magnetic nanoparticles can be used for a variety of genetics applications. One application is the rapid isolation of mRNA. In one application, the magnetic bead is attached to a poly T tail. When mixed with mRNA, the poly A tail of the mRNA will attach to the bead's poly T tail and the isolation takes place simply by placing a magnet on the side of the tube and pouring out the liquid. Magnetic beads have also been used in plasmid assembly.

Nano Particle Applications - V Unit Notes

Nano Particle Applications

A few of the applications of Nano particles are listed out below.

Nano particles are used in sunscreen and skin cream as optical filters
Dirt repellents for cars and windows
Flat screens
Single electron transistors
Nanowheels, nanogears, nanofilters
Drug pumps located in the human body, long-term depots
Luminescent devices
Energy storage (hydrogen in zeolites)
Electronic devices

Applications of Fullerene Nano Particles

Particle absorption filters for cigarettes
Chromatography
Molecular containers
Sensor cover layers for surface wave devices
Additives in fuels
Lubricants
Catalysts for hydrogenation
Photocatalysts for the production of atomic oxygen in laser therapy
Production of artificial diamonds
Functional polymers, photoconductive films
Alkali metal MC60 chain formation (linear conductivity)
Superconductivity (doping with alkali metals)
Ion engines
Raw material for AIDS drugs
Tools that are harder than diamond
Nanoelectronic devices

Nanolayer Applications - V Unit Notes

Nanolayer Applications

Nanolayers have found widespread applications in recent times. A few of the applications are listed below.

MOS(Metal Oxide Semiconductor) gate oxide
Field oxide
SOI (Silicon On Insulator)
Amorphous layers for heterojunction solar cells, Thin Film Transistors and optical sensors
MOS channels
Counter-doped Si layers for p-n junctions and transistors
Recrystallized layers on dielectrics for device production
Oxide as implantation and diffusion masks
Oxide for the photolithography
Silicides or metals
Epitaxial layers for transistors, laser, quantum detectors
ITO for anti-reflection and charge collection in solar cells
Back side surface field (BSF) layers in solar cells
Metal layers for glasses, lenses, beam splitters, interferometers
Anti-corrosion and passive layers

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Compton Effect - Detailed Derivation -Click The Link To Download As PDF

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