Mass Number (A): The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called the mass number. It is denoted by the symbol 'A.'
Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number, denoted by the symbol 'Z.' It determines the element to which the nucleus belongs.
Nucleons: Protons and neutrons are collectively referred to as nucleons. They are the subatomic particles found in the nucleus.
Size: The size of the nucleus is much smaller than the overall size of the atom. The vast majority of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus.
Density: Nuclei are incredibly dense. The density of nuclear matter is on the order of 1017 to 1018 kg/m3.
Binding Energy: The energy required to disassemble a nucleus into its individual protons and neutrons is the binding energy. It's a measure of the stability of the nucleus. Usually measured in the units of eV.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different atomic masses.
Nuclear Stability: Nuclei with a specific ratio of neutrons to protons tend to be more stable. The stability is influenced by the nuclear forces between nucleons.
Radioactivity: Some nuclei are unstable and undergo spontaneous transformations, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. This process is known as radioactivity.
Half-life: The time it takes for half of a sample of radioactive material to decay is the half-life. It is a characteristic property of each radioactive isotope.
Charge: The nucleus carries a positive charge due to the presence of protons. The number of protons determines the overall charge of the nucleus.
Nuclear Forces: The forces that bind protons and neutrons in the nucleus are called nuclear forces. These forces are short-range and overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons.