Analog Electronics - V Semester 2022-2023 Syllabus for III B.Sc Physics

 III YEAR – V SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: 7BPH5C1

CORE COURSE IX – ANALOG ELECTRONICS

Unit I SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES

Semiconductor – p-n junction diode – rectifiers – half and full wave rectifiers – bridge rectifier – efficiency – ripple factor – R-C and π section filter circuits.

Zener diode – characteristics – voltage regulator – regulated power supply using Zener diode.

Unit II TRANSISTORS AND BIASING

Transistor action – CB, CE & CC modes – comparison – amplifier in CE arrangement – load line analysis – cut – off and saturation  – Relation between α and β  

Transistor biasing - base resistor bias - feedback resistor bias - voltage divider bias – JFET – construction and working  -  characteristic parameters.

      

Unit III AMPLIFIERS

Single stage amplifier – Phase reversal – DC & AC equivalent circuits – Voltage gain – Classification of amplifiers – Input impedance of an amplifier 

RC, transformer, direct coupled amplifiers – Comparison of different types of amplifiers.

      

Unit IV OSCILLATORS

Transistor audio power amplifier – Difference between voltage and power amplifiers – Performance quantities of power amplifiers – Classification of power amplifiers – Expression for collector efficiency – Class A amplifier – Push – Pull amplifier.

Feedback principle – Negative and positive feedback – current  gain and voltage gain in negative feedback amplifier – Barkhausen condition for oscillation – damped and undamped oscillations –Hartley, Colpitts and  phase shift Oscillator. 

Unit V OPERATIONAL  AMPLIFIER

Characteristics of an ideal op-amp – virtual ground -  op-amp biasing – Non-inverting & Inverting amplifiers– Applications of op-amp – adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator.

Op-amp signal generators: Phase shift, Hartley, Square wave and triangular wave generators.

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Text Books:

1. V.K.Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd.,10th Edition, New Delhi,  2007. 

2. R.S.Sedha – Text Book of Applied Electronics, S.Chand & Co Ltd., II Edition, New Delhi,  2004. 

3. Electronic Devices and Circuits –  Salivahanan and Suresh Kumar, Mc Graw Hill Edn. New Delhi, 2012

Books for Reference:

1. B.L. Theraja – Basic Electronics – S. Chand & Co, V Edition, New Delhi,  2009.

2. Malvino & Leach – Transistor Approximations – International Publication, New Delhi, – 2000.

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Optics and Spectroscopy - III Semester 2022-2023 Syllabus for II B.Sc Physics

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

COURSE CODE : 7BPH3C1

CORE COURSE VI – OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

 

Unit I GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

Lens – Spherical aberration in lenses – Methods of minimizing spherical aberration – chromatic aberration in lenses – condition for achromatism of two thin lenses (in and out of contact) – Coma - Aplanatic lens – Eyepieces – Ramsden’s and Huygens’s eyepieces.  

Dispersion – Angular and Chromatic dispersion – combination of prisms to produce i)dispersion without deviation ii) deviation without dispersion – Cauchy’s dispersion formula– Direct vision spectroscope – Theory of formation of rainbow.

Unit II INTERFERENCE

Conditions for interference – colours of thin films – Air wedge – theory – determination of diameter of a thin wire by Air wedge – test for optical flatness – Newton’s rings – Determination of refractive index of a liquid.  

Michelson’s Interferometer – theory and its Application (Measurement of wavelength and difference between wavelength of two close lines, thickness of mica sheet) – Jamin’s interferometer – determination of refractive index of gases

Unit III DIFFRACTION 

Fresnel’s  diffraction –Rectilinear propagation of light – zone plate –diffraction at circular aperture – opaque circular disc – Fraunhofer  diffraction at single slit – Double slit – Plane diffraction grating – theory and experiment to determine wavelength – overlapping of spectral lines. 

Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution – resolving power – resolving power of grating – resolving power of a prism

Unit IV POLARIZATION

Double refraction – Huygens’s explanation of double refraction in uni axial crystals – Nicol Prism – Nicol Prism as polarizer  and analyzer – Polaroids and their uses – Quarter wave plates and Half wave plates.  Plane, elliptically and circularly polarized light – Production and detection 

Optical activity– Fresnel’s explanation of optical activity – Specific rotatory power – determination using Laurent’s half shade polarimeter

Unit V SPECTROSCOPY

Microwave and infrared Spectroscopy – Rotation of molecules – Rotational Spectra – The  rigid  diatomic molecules, selection rules – the intensities of spectral lines – Infrared spectroscopy (outlines only)

Raman Spectroscopy – Quantum theory of Raman effect – Classical theory of Raman effect – Molecular Polarisability – pure rotational Raman spectra of linear molecules – vibrational Raman spectra – Applications.

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Text Books:

1. Optics and Spectroscopy – R.Murugeshan, S. Chand and co., 6th Edition, New Delhi, 2008.
2. A text book of Optics – Subramanyam and Brijlal, S. Chand and co., 22nd Edition, New Delhi 2004.
3. Elements of Spectroscopy – S.L. Gupta, V.Kumar and R.C.Sharma Pragati Prakashan, 13th Edition, Meerut, 1997

Books for Reference:

1. Optics – Sathyaprakash, Ratan Prakashan Mandhir, VIIth Edition, New Delhi, 1990.
2. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy –C.N.Banewell,TMH publishing co. IV Edition, New Delhi, 2006.
3. Molecular structure and spectroscopy – G.Aruldhass, PHI Pvt Ltd, , II Edition, New Delhi, 2007.

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What Next? A Flowchart and Information Resource for Pursuing Your Studies and Choosing A Career

 

Intel 8085 Microprocessor - Pin Configuration - Concise Notes For Exams

 

The pins of a 8085 microprocessor are classified into seven groups.

Address Bus :

A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO address.

Data Bus :

AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.

Control and Status Signals :

These signals are used to identify the nature of operation. There are 2control signal and 3 status signals.

Two control signals are RD, WR 

RD − This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available on the data bus.

WR − This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected memory or IO location.

Three status signals are IO/M, S0 and S1.

IO/M

This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory operations, i.e. when it is high indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates memory operation.

S1 and S0

These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.

Power Supply :

There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v power supply and VSS indicates ground signal.

Clock Signals :

There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.

X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.

CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the microprocessor.

Interrupts :

Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request the microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. We will discuss interrupts in detail in interrupts section.

INTA − It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.

RESET IN − This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by setting the program counter to zero.

RESET OUT − This signal is used to reset all the connected devices when the microprocessor is reset.

READY − This signal indicates that the device is ready to send or receive data. If READY is low, then the CPU has to wait for READY to go high.

HOLD − This signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the address and data buses.

HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD request and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after the HOLD signal is removed.

Serial I/O Signals :

There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are used for serial communication.

SOD (Serial output data line) − The output SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM instruction.

SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this line is loaded into accumulator whenever a RIM instruction is executed.

Intel 8085 Microprocessor - Internal Architecture - Concise Notes For Exams

Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with a capacity to address 2¹⁶ memory locations - 64 KB. It can perform 8-bit operations at a time. It needs a single 5 V power supply with a clock running at a frequency ~3 MHz .

Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor:

General Purpose Registers are a set of registers which are located inside the 8085 microprocessor. They can store and process 8 bit data. These registers are B,C,D,E,H and L. They can be combined to form pairs BC,DE and HL in order to enable the execution of 16-bit operations. 

General purpose registers are accessible to the programmer through the 8085 instruction set. They are used to insert and transfer data. 

Temporary Registers : 

These registers are used by the ALU to store the data on temporary basis and these are not accessed by the programmer. These are of 2 types:

1. Temporary data register – It is an 8-bit register that holds the operand and provides it to the ALU for program execution. Also, the immediate results are stored by the ALU in this register.
2. W and Z register – These registers are also used to hold the temporary values. It is used by the control section of the microprocessor so as to store the data during operations.

Program Counter (PC) :

It is basically a special purpose register that is used to store the address of the memory location of the instruction to be performed. It is a 16-bit register as it stores address. 

It functions in such a way that it fetches the opcode from one memory location and simultaneously get incremented by the next memory location. Thus, it provides sequencing of the program to be executed.

Stack Pointer (SP) :

It is a 16-bit register and is a part of memory. The data is stored in the stack in serial format and stack pointer generally stores the address of the last data element stored in the stack. Thus the stack is based on LIFO.

Whenever a new data is added in the stack, then the stack pointer starts pointing towards the very next memory location. When a data element is removed from the stack, then the stack pointer points to previous occupied memory location.

Accumulator : 

It is an 8-bit register that stores the result of the operation performed by the ALU. It is  known as register A. 

Flags :

Flag register basically holds the status of the current result generated by the ALU and not the actually generated result. Thus we can say it is used to test the data conditions.

8085 has 5 flags that shows 5 different data conditions. These are carry, sign, zero, parity and auxiliary carry flags.