Atomic and Nuclear Physics Question Bank and Syllabus

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS - 4BPH4C1 - QB
PART – A
Unit - I
1.       What is critical potential?  What are its two kinds?
2.       Write note on photoelectric cell.
3.       Give the principle of mass spectrograph.
4.       State the laws of photoelectric emission.
5.       Write down any three properties of positive rays.
6.       Mention any three applications of photoelectric cells.
7.       What is photoelectric cell?
   Unit - II
8.       State Pauli’s exclusion principle.
9.       Distinguish between normal Zeeman Effect and anomalous Zeeman Effect?
10.   What is anomalous Zeeman Effect?
11.   Define Zeeman Effect.  Also give the value of Zeeman shift.
12.   Explain briefly the features of vector atom model.
13.   What is meant by j-j coupling?
14.   Write down the Larmour’s theorem.
15.   What are selection rules?
Unit - III
16.   Write note on characteristic x-rays.
17.   Define Miller indices.
18.   State Mosley’s law.
19.   What is Unit cell?
20.   What is Bragg’s law for x-rays diffraction?
21.   What is an element of symmetry in a crystal?  Briefly explain.
22.   Draw the structure of NaCl crystal.
23.   Why ordinary plane transmission grating cannot be used to product diffraction effects in x-rays?
24.   What is Bravais  lattice?
Unit - IV
25.   Differentiate  isotope from isobars
26.   State the principle of GM counter.
27.   The half life of 84Po218 is 3 minutes.  What percentage of the samples has decayed in 15 minutes?
28.   Give the importance of GM counter.
29.   Briefly explain various classifications of the nuclei.
30.   Write down working of Betatron.
31.   State the law of radioactive disintegration.
32.   Draw the schematic diagram of a cloud chamber.
Unit - V
33.   Define nuclear fusion.
34.   Write note on Van Allen belts.
35.   What is chain reaction? Give an example.
36.   What are secondary cosmic rays?
37.   What is controlled chain reaction? Where it is used?
38.   What are cosmic rays?
39.   What is meant be breeder reactor?
40.   What are Baryons?

PART – B
Unit - I
1.       Discuss Davis and Goucher experiment.
2.       Obtain Einstein’s Photoelectric emission
3.       Discuss the principle and action of Aston’s mass spectrograph.
4.       Give the laws of photoelectric emission
5.       Describe the Lenard’s experiment
Unit - II
6.       Discuss LS coupling experiment.
7.       Explain the fine structure of Sodium D lines.
8.       Write a note on periodic classification of elements.
9.       Give the details about the fine structure of alkali spectra.
10.  State Pauli’s exclusion principle.  How is it useful in the arrangement of differ element in the periodic table
11.   Explain the various quantum numbers associated with the vector atom model.
12.   Describe the Stern and Gerlach experiment and indicate the importance of results obtained.
13.   Explain the importance of Bohr Magneton.
Unit - III
14.   Explain the Braggs x-ray spectrometer.
15.   Explain the term 'Miller indices.
16.   Describe Bragg’s law.
17.   Give the structure of diamond.
18.   Draw NaCl structure and explain it.
Unit - IV
19.   Write not on radio carbon dating
20.   Explain the Geiger – Nuttal experiment to measure the range of alpha particles.  Discuss the Geiger-  Nuttal law.
21.   Derive an expression for Half-life period.
22.   Discuss about Photographic emulsion technique.
23.   Describe GM counter and give its importance.
24.   Mention the application of radio isotopes.
25.   Compare and contrast the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays.
26.   Write a note on thermo nuclear reactions.
Unit - V
27.   Explain how the intensity of the cosmic rays changes with altitude.
28.   Explain about Anti-particle and Anti-matter.
29.   Describe the principle, construction and working of a nuclear reactor.
30.   Give the qualitative of Gamow’s theory for alpha decay.
31.   Discuss about cosmic ray showers
32.   Explain four factor formula
33.   Explain latitude effect.
PART – C
Unit - I

1.       Describe the working of Aston’s mass spectrograph
2.       Obtain Einstein’s photoelectric equation.  Also verify it using Millikan’s experiment.
3.       Describe the construction and working of Bainbridge mass spectrometer.
4.       Describe the experimental determination of critical voltage by Frank and Hertz experiment.
Unit - II
5.       Describe about the j-j coupling and LS coupling
6.       Describe about the result of Stern-Gerlach experiment
7.       Discuss about the Debye’s explanation for normal Zeeman Effect.  Also explain the anomalous  Zeeman Effect.
Unit - III
8.       Derive an expression for the wavelength shift of a photon colliding with an electron.
9.       Give the theory of Compton effect and briefly explain its experimental verification.
10.     Describe the powder photograph method of crystal diffraction.
Unit - IV
11.   Write notes on: A) Radio-carbon dating.B) Nuclear Isomerism.C) Neutrino hypothesis.
12.   Explain the action of Betatron.
13.  Explain the term range of alpha particles.  Describe the experimental verification method of  determining the range of alpha particles from a radio-active source in standard air
14.   Explain the construction and working of a GM counter.
Unit - V
15.   How do you classify the elementary particle into four groups?
16.   Write an essay on the Nuclear reactor
17.   Discuss the proton-proton cycle and carbon-nitrogen cycle as a source of stellar energy.
18.   Write notes on: A) breeder Reactor. B) Van Allen Belts.C) Quark model.

PROBLEMS                 

1.   When hydrogen was bombarded in Frank-Hertz experiment, by 10.21eV and 12.10 eV electrons, emission of three-spectral lines was observed. Calculate their wavelength.

2.    The wavelength of the Lα X-ray line of platinum is 1.321Å.  an unknown substance emits Lα X-ray line of wavelength  4.174 Å. Calculate the atomic number of the unknown substances.  Given b=7.4 for Lα- line.

3.   A sample of certain element is place in a magnetic field of flux density 0.3weber m-2.  How far apart  are the Zeeman components of a spectral line of wavelength 4000 Å.

4.   In a X-ray diffraction by the powder method the radius of the cylindrical film is 8cm.  While the radius of a first order spectrum line on the film is 5cm.  if the spacing of the reflecting atomic planes is 2.75 atomic unit(a.u).  Calculate the wavelength of the X-rays used.

5.   Calculate the binding energy of an d-particle and express the result both in Million electron Volt (MeV) and Joules (J)


II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 4BPH4C1
CORE COURSE VIII – ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS


Unit I                     POSITIVE RAYS
Properties of positive rays – e/m of positive rays – Aston’s, Bainbridge’s mass spectrograph-  critical potential – experimental determination of critical potential –Davis and Goucher‘s experiment.

Photo electricity: Photoelectric emission – laws – Lenard’s experiment – Richardson and Compton experiment – Einstein’s photo electric equation – experimental verification of Einstein’s photo electric equation by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells.

Unit II                   VECTOR ATOM MODEL
Various quantum numbers – L – S and j – j Couplings – Pauli’s exclusion principle – electronic configuration of elements and periodic classification – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion – Bohr magnetron – spatial quantization – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

Fine structure of spectral lines- Spectral terms and notation – selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine structure of sodium D lines – Alkali spectra – fine structure of alkali spectra – Spectrum of Helium – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s explanation of the normal Zeeman effect – Anomalous Zeeman effect .

Unit III  X – RAYS
Discovery – Production, Properties and absorption of X – rays – origin & analysis of continuous and characteristic X – ray spectrum – Duane & Hunt Law – Bragg’s law – derivation of Bragg’s law – Bragg’s X–ray spectrometer – details of Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods- Mosley’s law and its importance -  Compton effect – Derivation of expression for change in wavelength – its experimental verification.
X – ray crystallography- Definition of  Crystal – Crystal lattice – unit cell –– Bravai’s lattice – Miller indices – illustrations - Structure of KCl crystals.


Unit IV  RADIO ACTIVITY
Natural radioactivity – Laws of disintegration – half life and mean life period – Units of radioactivity – Transient and secular equilibrium – Radio carbon dating – Age of earth – Alpha rays– characteristics – Geiger–Nuttal law – α – ray spectra – Gamow’s theory of α – decay (qualitative study) Beta rays – characteristics.

Beta ray spectra – Neutrino hypothesis - Gamma rays and internal conversion– Nuclear isomerism- artificial radioactivity- Betatron – GM counter –– Cloud chamber

Unit V                   NUCLEAR REACTION
Nuclear fission – chain reaction – four factor formula – critical mass and size – controlled chain reaction – nuclear reactor – Breeder reactor – Transuranic elements – Nuclear fusion – thermonuclear reaction – sources of stellar energy- Cosmic rays (outlines only).

Elementary Particles – Hadrons – leptons – Mesons – Baryons – Hyperons – Antiparticle and antimatter – classification of elementary particles – strangeness – Isospin – conservation laws of symmetry – Basic ideas about quarks – Quark model.

Books for Study
1. Modern Physics                                  –              R.Murugeshan , S.Chand &Co; NewDelhi, 13th    Edition 2008.

2. Modern Physics                                   –              Sehgal & Chopra; Sultan Chand and publication,  9th Edition 2013.

3. Introduction to Modern Physics      –             H.S Mani, G K Mehta, Affiliated east – West  Pvt Ltd, NewDelhi

4. Nuclear Physics                                  –              D.C Tayal , Himalaya Pub.house, Mumbai, V  Edition 2008.

5. Atomic Physics                                   –              J.B Rajam, S.Chand & Co;NewDelhi.

6. Atomic & Nuclear Physics               –              Subramanyam & Brijal, S.Chand & Co; New Delhi, V Edition 2003.



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